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The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is a treaty adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly on 21 May 2003.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) )〕 It became the first World Health Organization treaty adopted under article 19 of the WHO constitution. The treaty came into force on 27 February 2005.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Updated status of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control )〕 It had been signed by 168 countries and is legally binding in 180 ratifying countries.〔 There are currently 16 United Nations member states that are non-parties to the treaty (nine which have not signed and seven of which have signed but not ratified).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=WHO Member States (by regions) that are NOT parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control )〕 The FCTC, one of the most quickly ratified treaties in United Nations history,〔Nikogosian, Haik. "WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a key milestone." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88.2 (2010): 83. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web.〕 is a supranational agreement that seeks "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and limiting its use in all forms worldwide.〔〔Brandt, Allan M. The Cigarette Century: the Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic, 2007. Print.〕 To this end, the treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco. FCTC standards are, however, minimum requirements, and signatories are encouraged to be even more stringent in regulating tobacco than the treaty requires them to be.〔 The FCTC represents a watershed moment for international public health; not only was the treaty the first to be adopted under WHO's Article 19, but it also marks one of the first multilateral, binding agreements regarding a chronic, non-communicable disease. The FCTC was furthermore a watershed moment for the European Union. According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, "shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international organization negotiate within the context of another."〔MAMUDU, HADII M., and DONLEY T. STUDLAR. "Multilevel Governance and Shared Sovereignty: European Union, Member States, and the FCTC." Governance 22.1 (2009): 73–97. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web.〕 Worldwide tobacco control set a precedent for EU Commission participation and negotiation in multilateral treaties, and further defined the powers and capabilities of the EU as a supranational entity. The perceived success of the FCTC has fueled calls for many other global health treaties, although a recent review of 90 quantitative impact evaluations of international treaties broadly raises questions about their real-world impact. Four criteria have been put forward to guide the development of follow-on global health treaties. ==Background== The WHO has long been active in preventing the myriad health issues that result from tobacco consumption. As the leading cause of preventable death globally, tobacco has seen an upsurge in both its consumption and its fatality rate worldwide with the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy.〔"Tobacco dependence treatment and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." Addiction Apr. 2009: 507+. SocINDEX with Full Text. EBSCO. Web.〕 Thus, while tobacco related-diseases differ from the communicable diseases that have traditionally been the concern of the WHO, the effects of globalization have made tobacco increasingly relevant for such intergovernmental authorities. Under the auspices of tobacco activist Ruth Roemer, the WHO urged individual countries throughout the 1980s and 1990s to adopt national laws that have been shown to reduce tobacco use. The FCTC, however, marked the first time that the WHO went so far as to enact its international legal powers to address the problem.〔Fidler, David P. ASIL Insights: World Health Organization's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Issue brief. The American Society of International Law, 28 March 2003. Web.〕 In fact, Roemer herself was among the original group of academics and tobacco activists who supported the idea of a framework-convention protocol approach (the rest of the group included Allyn Taylor, Derek , and Judith Mackay).〔Roemer, Ruth, Allyn Taylor, and Jean Lariviere. "Origins of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." American Journal of Public Health 95.6 (2005): 936–38. American Public Health Association, 22 June 2004. Web.〕 The idea for a multilateral treaty regarding tobacco control gained traction in 1994 at the Ninth World Conference on Tobacco or Health in Paris, France, when Roemer and Taylor presented their strategy for international legal action. Roemer and Allyn, along with Judith Mackay, were successful, and their proposal was adopted as one of the conference's first resolutions.〔 In 1995, the World Health Assembly (WHA), in Resolution 48.11, requested that the director general "report to the 49th World Health Assembly on the feasibility of developing an international instrument, such as guidelines, a declaration or an international convention on tobacco control to be adopted by the United Nations."〔Origins of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." American Journal of Public Health 95.6 (2005): 936–38. American Public Health Association, 22 June 2004. Web.〕 In compliance with Resolution 48.11, the WHO employed Roemer and Taylor to draft a background paper on the various mechanisms available to the WHO in effectively controlling tobacco use worldwide.〔 It was this background paper that provided a concrete recommendation for a framework convention, as opposed to alternative international legal action. According to it proponents, a framework convention would "promote global cooperation and national action for tobacco control."〔 Roemer and Taylor's proposal was met with some skepticism. Allan M. Brandt, the esteemed Harvard University historian of the tobacco industry, reports, "some considered it unrealistic, impractical, and overly ambitious, and preferred a nonbinding 'code of conduct."〔 However, with the support of Derek , head of the Policy Coordination Committee at the WHO, the proposal gained momentum.〔 Derek became the first Director of the Tobacco Free Initiative in 1998 and steered development of the FCTC from then till its adoption in March 2003. Subsequently, Gro Harlem Brundtland was elected director general of the WHO in 1998. Brundtland, a Norwegian medical doctor with a Master of Public Health degree from Harvard University, threw her full support behind the idea for a binding multilateral treaty on tobacco control. Alongside malaria treatment and prevention, the nascent Framework Convention rose to the top of her agenda at the WHO.〔Mamudu, Hadii M., Ross Hammond, and Stanton Glantz. "Tobacco Industry Attempts to Counter the World Bank Report Curbing the Epidemic and Obstruct the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control." Social science & medicine 67.11 (2008): 1690–9. Web.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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